The article will begin by describing the main concepts of light scattering and instrumentation, followed by multiple case studies of the different vaccine classes and the importance of light scattering results to their manufacture, discovery and development. Molar mass, radius and other derivative measurements assist in the characterization of virus or protein aggregation, biomolecular interactions, molecular conformation and conjugate composition, such as a VLP with nucleic acid cargo. Zeta potential and size are effective indicators of delivery success for specific vaccines, particularly for those that require nanocarriers. The key measurements that can be determined by these methods are zeta potential, radius and molar mass. Nearly all vaccines are in the size range that can be examined by dynamic, electrophoretic and static light scattering. Nucleic acids coding for antigens where some carrier nanoparticles are normally required.Virus-like particles, which are usually recombinant, self-assembled, viral capsids that function like whole viruses (these may also consist of membrane elements) and.Polysaccharide conjugates which are usually for bacterial pathogens.
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